inversion in english,inversion grammar rules,Inversions
inversion in english,inversion grammar rules,Inversions
Inversions
Subject ও
Verb-এর স্বাভাবিক ধারাবাহিকতা উল্টে গিয়ে যখন বাক্য auxiliary verb + subject + মূল
verb- এই গঠনে আসে তখন তাকে Grammar-এর পরিভাষায় inversion বলে। Inversion-এর একটি
সরল উদাহরণ হলো interrogative sentence। কিন্তু শুরুতে প্রধানত adverbial phrase-কে
অধিক গুরুত্বারোপ (emphasis) করার জন্য inversion ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। ইংরেজিতে কম-বেশি
১৮ প্রকারের inversion থাকলেও এখানে পরীক্ষার জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ প্রকারগুলো আলোচনা
করা হলো।
বাক্যের শুরুতে
নিম্নোক্ত উপাদানগুলো আসলে Inversion হয়ে থাকে:
121
Negative Adverbs: বাক্যের শুরুতে নিম্নোক্ত নেতিবাচক adverbs/adverbials
আসলে বাক্যটি
inverted হয়:
Hardly,
scarecly, rarely, barely, seldom, never, never before, never again, nowhere, no
sooner, by no means, at no time, not one, not once, not until, not only, not
till, little, not for a moment, under no circumstances, in no way, on no
account etc. এগুলো বাক্যের শুরুতে বসলে auxiliary verb, subject-এর পূর্বে বসে।
Auxiliary verb না থাকলে do, does, did বসবে।
1.Rarely -
anyone using typewriters now-a-days.
a)
you
see
b)
will
you see√
c)
you
have seen
d)
you
will see
2.______received
law degrees as today.
a)
Never
so many women have
b)
The
women aren't ever
c)
Never
have so many women √
d)
Women
who have never
3._______but
also it filters out harmful rays.
a)
The
atmosphere gives us air to breathe
b)
Not
only the atmosphere gives us air to breathe
c)
The
atmosphere which gives us air to breathe
d)
Not
only does the atmosphere give us air to breathe√
4._______have
goods returned to us because they are faulty.
a)
Seldom
we do
b)
Seldom
do we√
c)
Seldomly
we do
d)
Rarely
we
e)
Hardly
we
5.Hardly______ entered the office when he
realized that he had forgotten his wallet.
a)
he
had
b)
he
was
c)
had
he
d)
did
he
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
ডি ইউনিট ২০১২-১৩
122 After
Adverbial Expressions Beginning with 'Only':
Only if,
only when, only because, only after, only until, only at, only in,
only on,
only once, only recently, only by, only since, only then, only later etc বাক্যের
শুরুতে আসলে inversion হয়।
বি: দ্র: উপর্যুক্ত
Expression গুলো বাক্যের শুরুতে আসলে উক্ত বাক্যের principal clause-এ inversion হয়।
6._____did
Arthur realize that there was a danger.
a)
Upon
entering the store
b)
◉ When he entered the store
c)
After
he had entered the store
d)
Only
after entering the store√
7.Complete the
sentence: Only after food has been dried or canned_____
a)
that
it should be stored for later consumption.
b)
should
be stored for later consumption.
c)
should
it be stored for later consumption. ✓
d)
it
should be stored for later consumption.
12.3
Inversion with Conditional: Conditional sentence-এ if-কে বাদ দিয়ে
auxiliary
verb শুরুতে এনে inversion করা হয়। যেমন-
8._______resigned,
we would have been forced to sack him.
a)
Had
he not√
b)
Had
he
c)
He
had
d)
If
he has not
ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
২০১২-১৩
Hints: মূলত
বাক্যটি ছিল If he had not resigned, if-কে বাদ দিয়ে auxiliary had-কে subject-এর পূর্বে
এনে inversion করা হয়েছে। বলা বাহুল্য এটি কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য নয়।
Conditional
If I were
rich, I would help the poor.
Inversion
Were I
rich, I would help the poor.
Conditional
If you
decide to sell the house, I will be happy to buy it.
Inversion
Should you
decide to sell the house, I will be happy to buy it.
বি: দ্র: এখানে
should-এর ব্যবহার একটি inversion.
12.4 Inversion
with 'as':
Rina was
too shy to dance, as was Runa.
She
decided to leave early, as did Rita.
12.5 So am I, So do I: বিশেষত Spoken
English-এর ক্ষেত্রে ২য় বক্তা ১ম বক্তার অনুরূপ ইতিবাচক বক্তব্যের ক্ষেত্রে এই
inversion ব্যবহৃত হয়। সাধারণ বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রেও এরূপ হতে পারে, তবে তখন ২য় অংশের পূর্বে
একটি and যুক্ত করা হয়।
Speaker 1:
'I am a student.' (আমি একজন ছাত্র)
Speaker 2:
'So am I' (আমিও তো ছাত্র)
Speaker 1:
'I play football.' (আমি ফুটবল খেলি)
Speaker 2:
'So do l' (আমিও তো খেলি)
Speaker 1:
I went home. (আমি বাড়ি গিয়েছিলাম)
Speaker 2:
'So did I.' (আমিও তো গিয়েছিলাম)
He likes
coffee and so does Rana.
9.You like
chocolate-
a)
and
me too
b)
and
I too
c)
and
also
d)
and
so do
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
ই ইউনিট ২০০৯-১০
and so do
IV
10.Times have
changed and so________
বাংলাদেশ রেলওয়ের
উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী ২০১৩
a)
we
have
b)
we
are
c)
are
we
d)
have
we ✓
11.My
half-brother visited Cox's Bazar a couple of weeks ago, and---
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
ডি ইউনিট ২০১২-১৩
a)
so
I did
b)
so
I was
c)
so
I had
d)
so
do I
e)
so
did I√
12.my sister. I
can remember all their names and ________
খুলনা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
জীব
বিজ্ঞান স্কুল
২০১১-১২
a)
can√
b)
might
c)
may
d)
does
12.6
Neither do
1, Nor do I: প্রধানত Spoken English-এর ক্ষেত্রে ১ম বক্তার নেতিবাচক বক্তব্যের উত্তরে
২য় বক্তার নেতিবাচক উত্তরে এই inversion হয়। এক্ষেত্রে যদি inversion না হয় তাহলে ২য়
বক্তার বক্তব্য Subject + negative + either- এই গঠনে হবে।
'I don't
like coffee' '- do I'
a)
SO
b)
either
c)
neither
d)
so
as
e)
not
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
বি১ ইউনিট ২০১১-১২
I can't
ride a bike. B:-.
a)
Neither
can't I
b)
So
can't I
c)
Neither
can I
d)
So
can I
ইসলামী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়।
বি ইউনিট ২০১১-১২
He didn't
know the answer, and
a)
neither
did he√
b)
he
did'nt too
c)
nor
does he
d)
he
does not either
শাহজালাল বিজ্ঞান
ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ২০০৬-০৭
Peter
can't go and I can't-
a)
neither
b)
too
c)
also
d)
either√
বাংলাদেশ রেলওয়ের
উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী ২০১৩
Runa can't
type well, and her sister-.
a)
can
either
b)
also
c)
neither
can
d)
either
can't
e)
can't
either✓
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
বি২ ইউনিট ২০১২-১৩
So/such +
adj/adv-that:
So strong
was the wind that we couldn't open the window.
So quickly
did he run that the others couldn't catch up with him.
So quickly
he reached home on time.
a)
he
ran as
b)
did
he run that
c)
he
ran that
d)
would
he run that
জগন্নাথ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় সি ইউনিট ২০১৪-১৫
12.8
Inversion after adjective: বাক্যের শুরুতে adjective আসলে তাতে inversion হয়।
Sweet-the
uses of adversity.
a)
is
b)
has
c)
had
d)
are
✓
e)
have
চট্টগ্রাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আই ইউনিট ২০১৩-১৪
12.9 After Adverbial phrase of place:
Round the
corner, came the postman.
On the
doorstep, was a bunch of flowers.
On the
table, was all the money we had lost.
বিঃ দ্রঃ এই
Inversion এ do, does, did বসে না।
12.10
After Here and There: বাক্যের শুরুতে Here বা There আসলে বাক্যে
inversion হয়।
Here comes
the bus!
বি: দ্র:
Subject pronoun হলে inversion হয় না। যেমন- Here he goes.
Lets learn more about inversion
- Most questions in English use inversion, where an auxiliary verb or modal verb comes before the subject.
- Example: "Are you going?" instead of "You are going?"
- Example: "Can he swim?" instead of "He can swim?"
- Subject questions (questions that ask about the subject itself) do not use inversion.
- Example: "Who is at the door?" (not "Who is the door at?")
- Example: "Who is at the door?" (not "Who is the door at?")
- Certain adverbs and phrases (like "never," "rarely," "seldom," "not only," "no sooner," etc.) trigger inversion when they appear at the beginning of a sentence.
- Example: "Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset."
- Example: "Scarcely had I finished my work when the phone rang."
- Example: "Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset."
- When an "so + adjective" phrase appears at the beginning of a sentence, it's often followed by inversion.
- Example: "So beautiful was the scenery that we were speechless."
- Example: "So beautiful was the scenery that we were speechless."
- Similar to the above, this construction also uses inversion.
- Example: "Such was the wind that we couldn't open the door."
- Example: "Such was the wind that we couldn't open the door."
- In formal contexts, the "if" in conditional sentences can be replaced with "had," "were," or "should," resulting in inversion.
- Example: "Had I known about the meeting, I would have attended."
- Example: "Were she here, she would help us."
- Example: "Should you need assistance, please contact us."
- Example: "Had I known about the meeting, I would have attended."
- When these adverbs appear at the beginning of a sentence, the verb usually precedes the subject.
- Example: "Here comes the bus!"
- Inversion can be used for emphasis in exclamations that resemble questions.
- Example: "Man, is it cold out!"
- Example: "Man, is it cold out!"
- When inverting, the auxiliary verb (or modal verb) is moved to before the subject.
- If there is no auxiliary verb, "do," "does," or "did" are used as auxiliary verbs to create the inversion.
- The main purpose of inversion is often to create a more emphatic or dramatic tone.
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