Paragraph in English for JSC/SSC/HSC/BA /JOB | PHARAGRAPH WRITING

Paragraph in English for JSC/SSC/HSC/BA /JOB | Pharagraph Writing | English pharagraph

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING ENGLISH

(a) Why is English so important?

(b) Why is English essential in the field of science and technology ?

(d) (d) What are the advantages of

Ans: The importance of English can't be described in words because it's an international language. We need to learn English for our higher education. It's the store house of all knowledge of all books. All the books on higher education of every branch of knowledge are written in English. If we want to earn vast knowledge and higher education in any branch. we are to take the help from those books. All that is the best in European and American thought is available through English. If this source is dried up, we shall go backward. Again modern science which is advancing by leaps and bounds is a gift of the science. Today more than 80% of all the information in the world's computers is in English. So if we dont know English, we will fail to keep pace with the progressive force of the world. English is a must in order to get a good job. Today organisations need employers who speak and write a standard form of English. So it helps a man to get a good job and to earn more money. It is the official or semi-official language in more than 60 countries and of many international organisations. So to maintain daily official correspondence English is essential. Again ours is an age of globalisation. Many foreign guests and delegates come to our country. They don't know our mother tongue. So we need to learn English to communicate with them. Statistics show about 350 million people speak English as a first language and another 300 million use it as a second language. From this we can say that we need to learn English to Join the advanced and developed world. Then we can say that English is a passport to a successful future.

LEISURE

(1) What's your Idea about leisure?

ii) How do village and city people spend their leisure?

iii) What are the common sports and pastimes? (iv) What do you know about the late winter

activities of the people? (v) How do you evaluate travelling?

Ans: Leisure means the time when a man has nothing to do. Leisure is necessary to lead a healthy and happy life. It enables us to recover our lost freshness and energy. It affords an opportunity to escape from the hard reality of life and enjoy this fine world. City people spend their leisure by enjoying and doing many things. They play cricket, football, chess and many other games and sports. They visit the place of historical interest, go on pienic, perform different cultural activities. They also spend their leisure by reading books. watching TV and listening music. Again they are busy with their hobbies during leisure. Nowadays they are found busy with computer. The old people spend their leisure time by reading books, newspapers and magazines. They also play at cards and chess. Sometimes they're seen walking together in the morning. Most of them go back to the past, remember the past memories and chew the cud. On the other hand village people spend their leisure by gossipping, playing at cards, listening stories, enjoying Jarigan, sharigan, kabigan and by playing country games like ha-du-du etc. Football game and watching television are the common sports and pastimes. The benefits of travelling are too many to describe here. It is an essential part of education. It increases our knolwedge, gives us practical sense of places, people, and things, broadens our outlook. Education, in the true sense of the term, may be complete only by travelling.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

What is environmental pollution?

Where do you live? What kinds of pollution do you find in your locality?

What problems are these pollutions creating in your locality?

How can you check these pollutions in your locality?

Ans:

Nowadays environment pollution is one of the most talked of topics of the world. Our environment is polluted in two ways-air pollution and water pollution. Air is polluted in many ways. Smoke pollutes air, man makes fire to cook his food, to make bricks, melts pitch for road construction and burns wood. All these things produce heavy smoke and this smoke pollutes air. Railway engines, mills and factories and power houses use coal and ofl. Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel. Again all these things cause air pollution. Water is polluted in many ways. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticide in their lands to grow more food. The rain and floods wash away some of the chemicals. They get mixed with canal water and river water. Mills and factories pollute water by throwing the waste materials and unsold products into the rivers and canals. Steamers, launches and even sail boats pollute water by throwing oil, food waste and human waste into the big canals and rivers. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside standing on the banks of the rivers and canals also pollute water. Thus air and water are polluted and as a result our environment gets polluted. Water pollution can be prevented in many ways. First of all we should make the people aware of the fact that water is next to air. It is called life. So chemical fertilizer and pesticide should not be allowed to mix with river water, canal water and pond water. Mills and factories should not throw the waste materials and unsold products into rivers and canals. Steamers, motor launches and even sail boats should not throw oil, food waste and human waste into the rivers and canals. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside should not be built on the banks of the rivers and canals. In fine awareness should be created in the public. Air pollution can be prevented by taking proper steps and necessary measures and creating public awareness.

PUBLIC AWARENESS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

(a) What is waste management?

(b) Why is awareness required?

Ans: Waste or rubbish (আবর্জনা) is what we throw away everyday. It includes everything from unwanted (অপ্রয়োজনীয়) old cars to cigarette packets. As the amount of waste is growing rapidly all over the world and polluting the environment, the time has come to think about it very seriously. We cannot altogether get rid of (পরিত্রান পাওয়া) our waste, but a proper management (সঠিক ব্যবস্থাপনা) of it can certainly reduce (কমাতে পারে) it. If we think of burning, burying. recycling and thus reducing our waste, we can save our environment to a large extent. We can use some waste as fuel (জ্বালানী), We can use vegetable waste to make compost to improve our soil. In many countries it is now quite normal to collect old bottle and cans and recycle (পুনঃব্যবহার) them. More and more companies should come forward to promote greater recycling and changes in consumption patterns to reduce the amount of rubbish and help people to save the environment. A proverb goes that a stitch in time saves nine. So we should do the right thing at the right moment because timely action brings for us great success and saves us from a lot of troubles. Moreover, we know prevention is better than cure. So it is high time to take proper steps and necessary measure to raise awareness about the problem of waste management.

WATER POLLUTION

How do men pollute water?

(II) How do farmers pollute water?

(iii) How do mills and factories pollute water?

(iv) What are other ways of water pollution?

(v) How can we minimise water pollution?

Ans: Water, an important element of the human environment, is essential for human and plant life. It is next to air. Water can be polluted in many ways. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticide in their fields to grow more food. The rain and floods wash away some of the chemicals. They get mixed with river water, canal water and pond water. Mills and factories pollute water by throwing the waste and even sail boats can pollute water by throwing oil, food waste and human waste into the rivers and canals. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside standing on the banks of the rivers and canals also pollute water. The kutcha drains running into the rivers and canals cause water pollution. Clean water is safe for use and polluted water is harmful for man. Water pollution can be prevented in many ways. First of all, we should make the people aware of the fact that water is next to air. It is called life. Mills and factories should not throw the waste materials and unsold products into rivers and canals. Steamer, motor launches and even sall boats should not throw oil, food waste and human waste into the rivers and canals. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside should not be built on the banks of the rivers and canals. In fine, awareness should be created in the public.

ENVIRONMENT

(i) What do you mean by environment? (ii) What are the important elements of natural environment? (iii) How is the environment being polluted every day? (iv) What is man doing to plants and animals? (v) What is causing extinction of various plants and animals? (vi) How can we protect our environment?

Ans: The environment refers to the air, water and land in which people, animals, and plants live. So human beings, animals, plants, air, water and soil are the main elements of the environment. The world is producing millions of tons of domestic rubbish and toxic industrial waste each year, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable locations to get rid of all the refuse. The disposal of various kinds of waste is seriously polluting the environment. Humans, animals and plants are all important elements of the natural environment. But humans are cruelly destroying plants and animals and thereby creating a danger for us all. The destruction of forests and other habitats is causing the extinction of various plants and animals every day. These losses are particularly severe in the areas of tropical forests which cover only 7% of the surface of the globe, but which provide the living space for between 50% and 80% of all our wildlife. Many wild animals and birds such as pandas, bears, tigers, alligators, whales, wolves, eagles, falcons, kites and buzzards are faced with the threat of extinction today. Their decline has been accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting places, by the collection of eggs. and above all by the widespread use of chemicals and pesticides which enter their food chains leading to sterility and mass deaths. Hunting of birds and animals is another cause of their extinction. Men kill birds for food and feathers, hunt big cats to make fur coats and slaughter alligators and other reptiles for shoes and bags. In addition, whale-hunting has also drastically reduced the number of blue whales in the Atlantic Ocean. We know that all species are important for maintaining ecological balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment changes. In order to protect the environment from being spoilt, we should therefore protect our wildlife. The good news is that many countries are now taking action to protect their endangered wildlife.

POLLUTION

What do you understand by pollution?

What are the main causes of pollution? (iii)

What elements are polluted?

How is water polluted?

How is air polluted?

What is the result of this pollution?

How can we minimise pollution?

Ans: Pollution means contamination of environment. Our environment is polluted in two ways-air pollution and water pollution. Air is polluted in many ways. Smoke pollutes air. man makes fire to cook his food, to make bricks, melts pitch for road construction and burns wood. All these things produce heavy smoke and this smoke pollutes air. Railway engines, mills and factories and power houses use coal and oil. Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel. Again all these things cause air pollution. Water is polluted in many ways. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticide in their lands to grow more food. The rain and floods wash away some of the chemicals. They get mixed with canal water and river water. Mills and factories pollute water by throwing the waste materials and unsold products into the rivers and canals. Steamers, launches and even sail boats pollute water by throwing oil, food waste and human waste into the big canals and rivers. Unsanitary latrines in the countryside standing on the banks of the rivers and canals also pollute water. Thus air and water are polluted and as a result our environment gets polluted.

ARSENIC POLLUTION

(a) Where is arsenic found?

(b) How do people suffer from this effect of arsenic pollution?

(d) What is problem?

(e) What is the remedy of this problem?

Ans: In our day to day life we are experiencing new kind of problem. Our environment is facing new pollution. Arsenic pollution is one of them. It is one of the biggest problems of our country. Arsenic pollution is causing much harm to human life, It is found in water especially in tube-well water. By drinking this water people are suffering a lot. By drinking water polluted by arsenic people get diseased in various ways. Sometimes the sore turns into gangrene and then to cancer. So arsenic pollution is a great threat to human life. At present there is no medical treatment or medicine that can prevent arsenic pollution. The bad effect of arsenic cannot ignore.the medical treatment of the people who suffer from sore in the fingers or in any other part of the body. It can not be described in words. It is a polson. If it gets mixed in our body this or that way, we are sure to suffer in life. So we should take utmost care and guard against this poison. We should find out the remedy to this problem. First we should drink water from a source that contains no arsenic. Tubewells need to be tested to seperate the safe from the unsafe. Safe tubewells should be painted green and unsafe ones should be painted red. More tube wells should be set up which are free from arsenic and bacteria. Surface water in pond and river is free from arsenic and so it can be used after a process of treatment. Rain water should be collected for drinking in a bacteria free container. Water should not be boiled to remove arsenic. Healthy balanced diet containing fish and vegetables should be eaten. Food containing vitamins A, C and E should be eaten.

NATURAL CALAMITIES IN BANGLADESH

(1) What is natural calamity?

(11) What natural calamities does Bangladesh experience every year?

(iii) What are the effects of natural calamities?

(iv) How can the natural calamities be prevented?

(v) What do you suggest to prevent natural calamities?

Ans: Natural calamity means natural disaster which is caused by nature. Every year Bangladesh falls victim to various natural calamities. They are flood, earthquakes and many other natural calamities. The effects of the natural calamities beggar description. They leave a vast trail of devastation. The affected people and animals suffer untold sufferings. They cause heavy damage to our life and properties. Houses are destroyed, cattle are washed away, crops are greatly damaged and trees are uprooted. Thousands of people and other animals remain without food for many days. The after effect of some natural calamities are more serious. Famine breaks out. Many people and animals die for want of food. The prices of all necessary things go up. Many dangerous diseases like cholera, typhoid and dysentery etc. break out in an epidemic form. By raising public awareness and taking necessary precautionary measures and steps natural calamities can be prevented. The government and all the conscious citizens of our country should come forward with concerted efforts to prevent natural calamities.

MY CHILDHOOD

Can you remember your childhood days?

Where did you pass your childhood?

What things did you use to do then?

What sweet events can you remember?

Did you have any bitter experiences?

How do you feel now when you remember your childhood?

Ans: A man cannot remember everything that happened in his childhood. But certain events are stored in the sub-conscious mind. They sometime peep through minds eye. Very simple and trifling things are the centre of attraction for a child. When a man grows up, he may laugh at those things. My playground was the bank of the mighty Teesta. In all the seasons this river had great attraction for me. Whenever I was not at home. I could be found on its bank. I was very fond of stealing mangoes, liches, black berries and other fruits in the company of friends in summer. Sometimes we would forget to eat our midday meals. The village maktab was another Interesting place. An old Maulovi Shaheb used to teach us there. It was housed in a small hut attached to the village mosque. A large number of boys and girls used to attend. We would learn lesson with deafening noise. The next worth mentioning experience was my first day at school. When I entered the school compound with my father, the children were enjoying themselves here and there. My mind was troubled with fear that I might not be quite free and easy in their midst. My heart began to beat fast when I was taken to the Headmaster but his smiling face and gentle words put me at ease. I was admitted into class 1. The warmth with which my classmates received me dispelled all my fears. Another interesting memory is the village hat. The hat used to sit twice a weak near a river. I usually went there with some other children. There was a bush near our house. Hundreds of birds would make their nests in that bush. Sometimes I went there with other boys. Some adventurous boys caught small birds from the holes of the trees. During holidays when my mother went to sleep at noon, we went to the railway line. There I together with other children gathered pebbles. We watched how the trains passed with innumerable unknown facts. Childhood is free from worries and has infinite capacity for enjoyment.

IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION

(1) What is education?

(11) Differentiate between education and uneducated people.

(iii) How does the light of education help us?

(iv) How is illiteracy a curse?

(v) How can we all be educated to build a happy, peaceful and prosperous future?

Ans: Education is the process by which our mind develops through formal learning at an institution like a school, college, or university. It is mental and intellectual training which provides opportunities of growth and helps to overcome obstacles to progress. Therefore, It is often compared to light which removes the darkness of ignorance and helps us distinguish between right and wrong. The Prophet Mohammed (SM) equated one literate non-believer with ten illiterate believers. The task of education is to create a complete citizen, physicallly, mentally and morally, and prepare him for a profession whereby he could earn his own livelihood and contribute to the society. Education is one of the most important social phenomenon which makes sure that the individual is prepared from an early age to acquire values, knowledge and practical skills within a particular culture. Uneducated people, can't keep pace with the advanced countries. They don't know the modern advanced technology. In every sphere of their life, they follow old methods and systems. They have no sense of right and wrong. They aren't aware of their responsibilities. Their outlook on life is very narrow. They don't know how to lead a decent life. Illiteracy is a curse because illiteracy is the hindrance to our development programme. It baffles all our concerted effort for development. Thus, illiteracy retards the way of development. It is education which teaches a man to fight against all the problems of life. If all the people become educated, they will be able to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way to development. By receiving true education we all can build a happy, peaceful and prosperous future.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATE-RUN AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES

(a) What is a state-run university?

(b) What is a private university?

(d) What are the disadvantages of a private university?

Ans: The universities which are run by the state are called state-run universities. Students don't have to pay much. They enjoy facilities more than their payment. The state bears the major portion of the expense. The campuses of the state-run universities are spacious. There're residential halls, play ground for the students. The students of state-run universities enjoy all the physical facilities. The university which is governed by a governing body which follows the rules of University Grants Commission is known as private university. Here the state doesn't bear any expense. Students are to bear all the expenses. They have to pay a lot. The campus of a private university is not so large. Even many private universities don't have any residential halls for the students. Most of the private universities have no campus of their own. They conduct their academic activities in a rented house.

CHANGE IN ENTERTAINMENT

(a) Why is entertainment essential?

(b) How can entertainment help man?

(d) What may be the effect of the changes in forms of entertainment?

Ans: Change is the order of nature because we know the proverb that old order changeth yielding the new. Today what is new grows old tomorrow. So, nothing remains new forever. The same we do also notice in entertainment. Old and traditional forms have been superseded by new, modified and modern forms of entertainment. Many of them don't exist any longer. Today TV channels and Satellite have superseded radio. Football is losing its appeal day by day and cricket and other games are becoming popular more and more. Our Ideas about the forms of entertainment have also changed. We've started to look upon our way of life in a new way. Man's life is full of cares and anxieties. Life becomes dull because of monotonous work. So, he wants to enjoy life and get relief from monotonous work. For this reason, there are various forms of entertainment. These forms of entertainment help man to be jolly. But at present, its a matter of great regret that our time honoured (যুগ যুগ চলে আসে) forms of entertainment are on the wane (ক্ষয়ের পথে), Our old culture and tradition are going to be replaced by foreign entertainment. One day, time will come when we will lose our age old forms of entertainment and we won't have any culture of our own. As a result, we won't have our own national identity. So, we all should come forward to save our culture and at the same time develop them.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BANGLADESHI AND WESTERN MUSIC

(a) How does Bangladeshi music differ from western music?

(b) How is western music sung?

Ans: Each and every country has its own culture. They can't be superseded by the culture of another country. So, it's quite natural that there are some basic differences between Bangladeshi and Western music. The differences are very much distinct (স্পষ্ট). In theme and melody, our songs are pole apart (বড় তফাত) from western music. Our songs especially the Nazrul Sangeet, Rabindra Sangeet, traditional songs are very much graceful (সুন্দর) and refined (মার্জিত). But the Western music is very much vulgar (অমার্জিত), Musical instruments are used more in the Western music but ours are melodious and musical instruments are used less. The western singers use metalic sound but we don't. The significant difference is that Individual love is the theme of Western music. That love is only the love of the lovers. The theme of our song is also love but it's quite different from the Western music. Love as the theme of our song is for lovers, for parents, for our motherland and last of all for Allah. The western song has hardly any permanent appeal. But our song has a great appeal and it touches our heart. In a word, a country can't sacrifice her own identity and culture with another country. The cultural differences were in the past, have been in the present and will be in the future.

TELEVISION - ITS USES AND ABUSES

(a) Where is TV available in our country?

(b) What type of people are addicted to TV?

(d) How can the young people be affected by the TV programmes they watch?

(e) What should the guardians do to save the young people from the bad effects of TV?

Ans: Today TV is the most important mode of entertainment to all classes and ages of people. In the towns and cities, there is hardly any house where there is not a TV set. Even in the villages, we see that wealthy persons have a TV set. But the young generation is badly addicted to it which set us thinking. Though, all the programmes on the TV are not harmful, we have to think what it is giving and taking away from our young generation. Young people most often watch the exciting films on violence and crime. They also see the obscene films. All these things leave a damaging effect on their soft mind. If once bad things lay root deeply in their soft mind, it will remain in their mind. They will try to commit crimes and violence in an aristocratic way and it needs no telling that young persons are going astray day by day. They are becoming addicted to narcotics. They don't like any kind of educative programme. So, the guardian should be more cautious in the matter of running TV. They should allow their boys and girls to see only those programmes from which they can derive much benefit and make the right use to build up their career. Again, we should not forget the proverb that forbidden things always taste sweet.ar

MY FAVOURITE TV PROGRAMME

(1) Do you watch TV programms?

(11) What is your favourite programme?

(iii) Why do you like it?

(iv) Do you think it has harmful effects?

(v) What are your reactions?

Ans: I watch TV programmes. My favourite TV programme is Drishtikon. There are many places of historical interest in Bangladesh and all over the world. It is not possible for a man to go to those places in person and see with his own eyes. A person may have much money but time, health and other circumstances may not permit him to go and see the places. But he can see and enjoy the places on the TV screen at a little cost. He need not spend much money and take much labour to visit those places. Drishtikon programme performs this very thing and serves our purpose of seeing the places of historical interest. 1 see all these places where I have not been. I come to know about those places and their importance. It teaches us many things. In a word it is very much instructive, Informative and interesting.

CULTURE

(a) What is culture? (b) What are the elements of culture? (c) How can you study a person and society in a better way? (d) What do you think of Aslan Culture? (e) What things do you notice in western culture? (1) Why do cultures vary from society to society or country to country?

Ans: Since the dawn of civilization (সভ্যতার সূচনা লগ্ন থেকে) the good thinking and all that is good are culture. It is complete picture of life. It represents what we do in our daily life. Language, music, ideas about what is bad and good, ways of working and playing, and the tools and other objects made and used by people in the society all these are part of a society's culture. I think to study a person's repeated actions is a good way to find out about that person. To study the important patterns of an entire society is a way to learn about the culture of that group. I think Asian culture is different from Western culture. In Western culture we see that people wear pant, shirt, suít, blazer etc. Most of the people in the Western countries work in offices, firms etc. In Western countries people eat different kinds of food items such as roast beef, mint sauce, cereal, toast and tea or coffee, eggs. sausages, bacon, tomato and mushrooms accompanied by toast with butter, jam and marmalade etc. The Western people are fond of band music. They maintain formality in discussion and in public transports. They are very much punctual and reserved. Each and every country has its own culture. They can't be superseded by the culture of another country. So cultures vary from society to society or country to country.

BANGLADESHI CULTURE

(a) What are the things that form our culture?

(b) How is Bangladeshi culture being influenced?

(d) Which songs are now people fond of?

(e) What is good effect of the intrusion of western culture on our culture?

(f) What is the bad effect of western culture on our culture?

(g) What should we do?

Ans: Every nation has a culture of its own. Similarly we have an age old and traditional culture of our own. We have our own language, dress, food habit, manner of eating, manner of speaking, mode of behaviour, games and sports, social values and customs, religion, profession, music, art, literature etc which are part and parcel of our culture. Though we have a rich culture of our own, we are going to lose some of our culture. Today we don't like folk songs, zari, sari, bhatiali etc. These songs are going to lose their appeal. Today we are fond of band music, Hindi and English song and music. Western cutlure has both good and bad effect on our society. Western cutlure has introduced us (আমাদেরকে পরিচিত করিতেছে) with the people, society, education, history and culture of the western world. It helps us to make a comparative study (তুলনামূলক আলোচনা) between western civilisation and ours and to judge (বিচার করতে) the standard of our culture. It also helps to enrich (সমৃদ্ধ করতে) our civilisation by accepting the good things of western civilisation. The disadvantages of Western cutlure for the society of Bangladesh are very alarming. It has already created bad effect on our youngsters. The young people are trying to imitate Western gross and vulgar culture forgetting our own culture. If this continues, our own culture, and tradition will be abolished (বিলুপ্ত হয়ে যাবে) soon. As this is the age of globalisation, we will not be able to discard (বাদ দিতে পারব না) western civilisation. Rather we should try to imitate what is good in western civilisation and give up what is bad in there.

MY FAVOURITE BANGLADESHI FOODS

(a) Why do you like Bangladeshi food? (b) What are the foods of Bangladesh you like most? (c) What are your favourite seasonal Bangladeshi foods?

Ans: I am a Bangladeshi. So. I like Bangladeshi foods such as rice, fish, dal, vegetables, fruits like mangoes, jackfruits, bananas, pineapples, black-berries etc. and foods made from these fruits are favourite to me. Rice and fish are my favourite food. Besides. bread and butter made in Bangladesh are my favourite food. I like Polao with beef very much. Seasonal home made foods like vapa pitha in the month of Poush is my favourite food. Actually, we have traditional home-made foods and they are very delicious, I like small fish curry very much. The hilsa fish are available in Bangladesh. I like rice with hilsha fish curry. Various types of foods such as pitha made from date-juice in the month of Poush and Magh is very delicious I like to have it early in the morning. Nevertheless, I am really habituated in having rice and fish which is very common and favourite food in Bangladesh.

DAILY MEALS OF THE PEOPLE OF BANGLADESH

How many meals do the people of Bangladesh have a day? What are they? What is the main meal of the day? Is there any difference between the food habits of people in towns and those in villages? What food items does breakfast consist of? What things do the Bangladeshis eat for lunch? What do they have for supper?

Ans: The people of Bangladesh have three meals a day. They are breakfast, lunch and supper. Lunch is the main meal of the day. There is difference between the food habits of people in towns and those in villages. In the last few years the urban people of our country have changed their food habit. Fast food like burger, sandwiches, noodles, pizza, potato chips, vegetable rolls, Birani, polao, kabab, tondoori chicken etc. have become common food items in urban life. In the rural areas people in Bangladesh usually eat rice and gur or rice with some other food items for breakfast. People usually eat rice curry, fish, vegetables, meat, dal etc. for lunch. In the rural area people usually eat rice and one or two curries for dinner. Today people of Bangladesh are not satisfied with their traditional food like rice. fish, meat, dal, gur etc. They have become fond of western fast food.

INFLUENCE OF WESTERN CIVILISATION ON BANGLADESHI SOCIETY

(a) What does civilisation mean? (b) What is the most talked topic nowadays? (c) What is the good effect of the intrusion of Western culture on our culture? (d) What is the bad effect of Western culture on our culture?

Ans: Civilisation means an advanced and organised state of human and social development. It exposes (প্রকাশ করে) a society or a country, its culture and its way of life during a particular period of time. Basically, a country or a nation is known by its civilisation. The influence of western civilisation is the most talked topic (বহুল আলোচিত বিষয়). Western culture is intruding into our culture in a very alarming way. This intrusion of Western cutlure has both good and bad effects on our society. Western civilisation has introduced us with the people, society, education history and culture of the western world. It helps us make a comparative study, (তুলনামূলক আলোচনা) between western civilisation and ours and to judge (বিচার করতে) the standard of our culture. It also helps enrich (সমৃদ্ধ করতে) our civilisation by accepting the good things of western civilisation. The disadvantages of Western civilisation for the society of Bangladesh is very alarming. It has already created bad effect on our youngsters. The young people are trying to imitate Western gross and vulgar culture forgetting our own culture. If this continues, our own culture. and tradition will be abolished (বিলুপ্ত হয়ে যাবে) soon. As this is the age of globalisation, we will not be able to discard (বাদ দিতে পারব না) western civilisation. Rather we should try to imitate what is good in western civilisation and give up what is bad in there.

THE ROLE OF OUR INTELLECTUALS

(a) Why are we proud of our intellectuals? (b) What was their contribution during the war of independence? (c) What are the social, educational, economic conditions of Bangladesh? (d) Why are our culture and value going to be abolished? (e) What are the activities of the government in this regard? (f) How can the intellectuals help regarding this matter?

Ans: We are very proud of our intellectuals because they played a vital role (গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা) in all activities of the country. Their countribution (অবদান) during our War of Independence will ever be remembered. Then all the intellectuals of our motherland came forward to save the country. They inspired (উৎসাহিত করেছিল) the common people of the country to free the country from the enemies. Even many of them laid down their valuable lives for the freedom of our country. But at present the country is passing through a great crisis. Corruption (দুর্নীর্তি), hijacking, killing, terrorism (সন্ত্রাস) and many other antisocial activities have pervaded in every sphere of the society. The standard of education has fallen sharply. Almost all of the colleges and universities have become mini cantonments which are full of mortal weapons (মরণাস্ত্র দিয়ে পূর্ণ), The rate of unemployment is increasing day by day. This ultimately leads the young people to commit many social crimes. The economy of our country is not in progress.

The development has been retarded (থেমে থেকে). Moreover, our culture and values (মূল্যবান) are going to be badly abolished because of the influence of Western culture. I think the government has failed to perform their job in this regard properly. A change in every sphere (সর্বত্র) should be brought in. It is high time the intellectuals stood beside the common people. They should hold their pen against all the Irregularities of the society. They can also give a guide line to the government as well as to the whole nation to bring about a happy, peaceful and prosperous future."

INTERNATIONAL MOTHER LANGUAGE DAY

(a) What is the 21st February? (b) Why is it observed in every year? (c) Are we proud of the martyrs who laid down their lives on this day? How? (d) Why has this day got the recognition of the International Mother Tongue Day?

Ans: The 21st February is an International Mother Language Day. Mother tongue is a divine gift. From the holy Quran we come to know that the most merciful Almighty has bestowed a 'mother tongue upon each and every caste, creed and colour. Mother tongue is so important that the people of a country express their ideas, thoughts, feelings emotions etc. clearly through mother tongue. But it is an irony of fate that the then rulers of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the state language upon us instead of Bangla. But the people of our country raised their voice against the unlawful decision. Some of the heroic sons came forward and sacrificed their glorious life for the cause of our mother tongue on the 21st February 1952. Rafique, Jabbar, Salam, Barkat were shot.. Since then this day is called the Shaheed Dibash. Every year we remember this day with solemnity and pay them profound tribute. We are proud of the martyrs for lying down their lives. Now it is a great pleasure for us that this day has got international recognition in 1999. Nów this day is observed all over the world. So it is a matter of great glory and prestige for us.

ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE ON 21 FEBRUARY

(a) Why do people wake up in the morning of 21 February? (b) How do people walk? (c)

What do most of the people put on their breast and shoulder? (d) What song do they sing? (e) How do the people pay homage to the martyrs? (f) Why do people attend meetings and seminars?

Ans: On February 21 people get up early in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk barefooted to Shahid Minar. Most of them put on black badges on their breast or shoulder. They go to Shahid Minar singing the most cherished song "Amar bhaer rockte ragano...." They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. They offer flowers, prayer and suras to the martyrs' souls. They also gather in the mosque, temple and some other religious institution pray for the salvation of the martyrs' departed soul. People also attend meetings and seminars to get inspiration to uphold the honour of our mother tongue.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SHAHEED MINAR

(a) Why was the Central Shaheed Minar built? (b) What is the significance of the Shaheed Minar? (c) What does the Shaheed Minar symbolise? (d) What do the vertical lines stand for?

Ans: The Central Shaheed Minar was built to make the memory of the myrters immortal (অমর করার জন্য) who laid down their lives in 1952 in the historical language movement for the cause of our mother tongue. The significance of the Shaheed Minar in our national life is very great. It symbolises all the aspirations (উৎদ্দীপনা) of Bengali Identity and nationalism (জাতীয়তা). It has been designed to focus the language movement as the central concept. The basic horizontal and vertical forms of the Shaheed Minar express the concept of Bengali solidarity and unity for our national Identity (জাতীয় সত্তার জন্য). The vertical lines of the design suggest the inner strength of the nation and the four columns on both sides of the central structure suggest the balance and harmony of a united stand. Thus the Shaheed Minar is not a mere mausoleum but it symbolises our national hope and inspiration.

FEMALE EDUCATION

What is the state of female education in Bangladesh? What is the percentage of female literacy? Why is female education necessary? What are the advantages of female education? What role can an educated woman play in the family?

Ans: It is true that women have many special tasks in life and their spheres of duties are different from those of men. But we should remember that these tasks also need training and education. Unless women get proper education, all their prospective faculties get crippled. It is only by imparting proper education to them that we can expect them to discharge the duties nicely and decently. Education of children depends a great deal upon mothers. Childhood is the most impressionable stage and anything good or bad, taught to child makes a great influence on his mind. We cannot have educated and ideal citizens when the mothers themselves are foolish and ignorant. Every woman is a potential mother. The future of a child depends on how it is brought up and educated in childhood. An educated mother is naturally expected to bring up and educate her children better than an uneducated mother.

FLOWER CULTIVATION AND ITS BRIGHT PROSPECT IN BANGLADESH

(a) What is the importance of flower? (b) What type of people buy flower? (c) Where are flower shops seen nowadays? (d) What are flowers used for? (e) Why have many people taken flower cultivation as profession? (f) How can the flower cultivation be encouraged?

Ans: A thing of beauty is joy for ever. And a flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its sweet smell (মিষ্টি গন্ধ) attracts one to all. There is hardly any person who doesn't love flower. We all like flowers but most of the people of our country, are very poor. They can hardly keep body and soul together (কায়ক্লেশে জীবনযাপন করা). So they can't buy flowers. Only a particular section of people buy flowers on various occasions. But this attitude is changing day by day. Nowadays many flower shops are seen in the towns and cities in our country. Many people cultivate flowers and sell them. Today solvent people buy flowers: Their sense of beauty is increasing. A flower has soothing, balmy and healing effect on human mind. They decorate their houses with flowers to enhance beauty. People present flowers on any occasion. At present flower exhibitions and fairs are also held. Many people have taken it as profession because flower is not only a source of income. Flower cultivation holds a bright prospect (উজ্জল সম্ভাবনা) in our country. It is becoming popular day by day. Today people don't like to sit idle. They want to work and change their condition. So we can hope that the day is not far to come when the cultivation of flower will turn into a profitable business. Moreover, it will go a long way to solve our unemployment problem and contribute much to the economy of the country. The cultivators will be able to lead a decent life. If people become more conscious (সচেতন) and introduce the art of giving presents (উপহার দেওয়ার প্রথা প্রবর্তন করে) by flowers on various occasions, programmes, seminars, symposiums etc., this will go a long way to encourage the flower cultivators to cultivate flowers more and more. So, a new business may emerge (বের হয়ে আসতে পারে) in our country. This will better the living condition of the poor flower peddlers and flower cultivators.

STREET CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH

( a) What is the condition of the street children? (b) Where do they sleep? (c) How do they earn their livelihood? (d) Why don't they live with their parents? (e) What are they deprived of?

Ans: Everybody has some idea about the street children of Bangladesh. The real picture of these street children is very pathetic. They are shelterless. They have no particular living or sleeping place. They sleep on the street. Sometimes they move aimlessly on the street. Some of them push push-carts for earning their livelihood. They are also found begging on the street. They may have parents. But their parents do not take proper care of them. They do not get any opportunity to go to school. They are completely illiterate. Sometimes, they have to bear physical punishment. In fact, they are deprived of all sorts of child right. It is a matter of great regret. Today's child is tomorrow's future. So all of us including the government should take necessary steps so that they can enjoy their legal rights.

HELPING HAND TO ELDERLY PERSONS

(a) How are the elders related to our soclety? (b) Why shouldn't they be neglected? (c) How many elderly people do you have in your locality? (d) How will you raise money for them? What will you do for them with the money? (e) What type of help can we offer them ofher than financial help? (1) How can you involve other persons in this type of activities?

Ans. Elders are also a part of our society. Human beings are born as baby on this beautiful world and after a certain period of time they grow older in the society. They play serveral important and vital parts that give too many benifits for the next generation. So the older persons should not be neglected anyway. They were the strength of our civilization. In every locality there are lots of elderly persons. In my locality the number is not small. I want to do something for them. In course of time I will raise a fund for the welfare of the elderly persons. Then I will establish an Old Home. All the helpless elderly people of my locality will be able to stay there free of living cost, medical treatment cost etc. With the help of my locality's well to do people I will provide them all kinds of human right. For their recreation and reminiscence, I will arrange gathering for them. We are young generation. So we are the greatest power of the society. We can spread our helping hand to the elders. Whenever they are in any kind of trouble, we can come forth to help them. If they can't cross a road, we can help them. We can give them current information of the world. We can include them in our working opportunity. Social awareness can be raised for the old. We must be kind to them. We must treat them as they treated us when we were helpless babies creeping upon the earth.

POVERTY

(a) What do you mean by poverty? (b) What is the condition of the people of Bangladesh? (c)How can this poverty be alleviated? (d) How can food production be increased? (e) What are the other measures that should be taken to remove poverty?

Ans: By poverty we mean a situation in which man can not meet the basic needs of life. Most of the people of our country are very poor. They live below poverty line. They can hardly keep body and soul together. However this poverty can be alleviated to some extent. Our lands should be cultivated scientifically. Scientific method and modern farming should be introduced. The high birth rate should be controlled. More employment opportunities should be created. Animal husbandry, crop diversification, fisheries, poultry, horticulture, agriculture, dairy farming should be introduced and all these things will go a long way to alleviate poverty.

WOMEN'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY

(a) What is the traditional role of women in our society? (b) What do our women usually do at home? (c) What are the out door activities done by our women? (d) Do you think the role of women in our society is changing? (e) What kind of activities are done by women nowadays?n

Ans: The traditional role of women in our society is to become a mother. At home they are to do all sorts of household chores like cooking, washing, cleaning, harvesting etc. Today women are playing important role in all spheres of life (জীবনের সর্বস্তরে). They are no longer confined within the four walls of their parents' or husbands house. They have come out of the kitchens and are working hand in hand with men in all the development programmes of the government. By receiving higher education they are becoming pilots. doctors, engineers. teachers, administrators etc. They have been able to prove their worth. They not only do their household work but also work outside of their houses. They are contributing much to the economy of the country. Now it has come to the realization of the men that true development of the country is never possible keeping half of the population idle at home. So it needs no telling (অপেক্ষা রাখে না) that women are playing a great role in the socio-economic condition of our country.

ILLITERACY

(a) What is illiteracy? (b) How does illiteracy cause harm to our development? (c) What is the social responsibility of all literate people? (d) What measures should government take to remove illiteracy? (e) How can the mass media play an important role in removing illiteracy?

(1) What is the present state of literacy in Bangladesh.

Ans: Illiteracy means inability to read and write. It is the root cause of ignorance which frustrates all development efforts of the government and the community. Eradication of Illiteracy in a country like Bangladesh with so vast a population is undoubtedly a gigantic task. It is the social responsibility of all the literate people, men and women, to make some concerted efforts to remove illiteracy from society. The Government of Bangladesh has already undertaken some important programmes in this regard. To provide primary education for at least 70 per cent of the children of six to ten years of age by the end of 1990, the Government has launched a programme called the Universal Primary Education (UPE) Project. There is another educational programme in which each primary school in a community is to be regarded as a Community Learning Centre (CLC). The objective is to Involve increasingly the parents and the members of the community in the educational activities of the school. The adults and the out-of-school youths will come to the school in the afternoon or in the evening after their work. Here they will receive not only basic education but also practical training in their vocations. The mass media, especially radio. TV and newspapers can play a vital role in making the people more conscious of the importance of literacy in the life of a nation. They can broadcast and publish regular features on various aspects of basic education, adult education and mass literacy.

YOUR VISIT TO THE TAJMAHAL

(a) Did you ever visit the Tajmahal Describe the Tajmahal?

(b) When did you visit it?

(e) When does it look more attractive?

(f) How do you feel when you remember your visit?

Ans: During the last autumn vacation. I paid a visit to the Taj Mahal. I was impressed to see Its beauty. Emperor Shahjahan had a deep and pure love for his dear wife Mumtaz. Mumtaz passed away from the world. Shahjahan was overwhelmed with grief (দুঃখ ভারাক্রান্ত) at the death of his beloved wife. He wanted to Immortalise his wife's memory. So his ardent love for his wife prompted him to build such an expensive building. It is made of fine white marble with Inlays of coloured marble. It has eight sides and many open arches. It rests on a platform or terrace of red sandstone. It has four slender white towers rising from the corners of the terrace. It has a large dome above the centre of the building. The Taj Mahal is surrounded by a beautiful garden and there is a long pool that stretches out in front of the building. One can see the beauty of the Taj Mahal in its reflection in the pool water. Visitors come to see this wonderful building at different times of the day since it assumes a different look at different times. Most people like it best on moonlit nights.

COMPUTER

(a) What is computer? (b) How does computer work? (c) What are the components of computer? (d) What are the functions of computer? (e) What are the uses computer?

Ans: Computer is an ultra modern electronic device for storing and analysing information fed into it. It has no capacity to do anything by itself. It works on the basis of commands given by the operator. The Invention of computer has a long history, Computer was not Invented overnight. It took long time and hard labour to invent computer. A computer consists of five major components. They are the input unit, the output unit, the memory unit, the control unit and the arithmatic unit. A computer performs three functions. Firstly. It receives data. Secondly, it processes data by various computations and the third is that it emits data. Every computer has a machine language of its own and accordingly it works. Machine language is not fixed. It varies from machine to machine. Computer is of great use to us. It renders great service to mankind. It is like Aladin's magic lamp. It has lessened our work loads, saved time and energy and made our life easy and comfortable. We can not go a single moment without computers. It is part and parcel of our daily life.

INTERNET

(a) What is internet? (b) What does it require to get an internet connection? (c) How many

types of internet are there? (d) How can one get Internet connection? (e) What is the usefulness of internet?

Ans: Internet is the latest discovery of science and the greatest advancement in the field of communication. It is the computerised process with telephone set. To get internet connection, it requires a modern telephone line and a different sort of software for using the network system. Like telephone number internet is maintained by its own number. There are two types of internet. They are on-line internet and off-line Internet. One can get internet connection from three networking systems. They are LAN (Local Area Network). MAN (Metropoliton Area Network) and WAN (World Wide Area Network) Now-a-days an Internet is of great use to us. It has made the world smaller and brought the world within our reach. We can get information on every matter within a very short time. It has widened our knowledge and made us more thirsty for the unknown. It is a miracle. It works like Aladin's magic lamp.

THE USEFULNESS OF E-MAIL FOR STUDENTS OF BANGLADESH

(a) What is the contribution of e-mail in the field of communication? (b) How does e-mail help the students of Bangladesh? (c) How can e-mail help the students in collecting Information from the libraries, teachers, friends etc. (d) How can e-mail help the students to increase general knowledge?

Ans: The world is getting so smaller and smaller with the blessing of science. Now a man from one part of the world can communicate with a person of another part of the world within a second. E-mail has made this process easter. E-mail. Communication is the latest Invention in the communication system. It helps all classes of people. Students are much benefited from e-mail. But in Bangladesh this facility hasn't reached all the students for want of computer. If the e-mail facilities can be given to all the students, they will get Sufficient usefulness from it. They will be able to get important information from any library of any places both home and abroad. Then he will be able to do his library work without going to the library. The students will be able to discuss any of their difficult lessons with teachers sitting at home. He will also be able to discuss his difficult lessons with his friends. To increase general knowledge a student can communicate with the authorities of newspaper, radio and television. Besides, e-mail can help a student in his personal matters. Through e-mail he can easily contact with his friends and relatives. Thus e-mail is very useful for a student.

YOUR VISIT TO A HISTORICAL PLACE (BAGERHAT)

Have you visited any place of interset recently? Where is the place located? How did you go there? Who accompanied you? What things did you do there? What are the things that impressed you most on the trip?

Ans: During the last autumn vacation I got such an opportunity to visit Bagerhat, a great historical place. There I saw the Mazar of Khan Jahan Ali- a fine one storeyed building. It has a beautiful dome. Hazrat Khan Jahan All was burled there. The tomb is made of cut out stones. It cannot be accurately said where from these were brought. It is said that. Pir Khan Jahan All brought these from Chittagong by floating on water. On the tomb there are Inscriptions in Arabic. An inscription (পাথরে খোদিত লেখা) says that he died on 25th October, 1459. There is a small mosque nearby. A close associate (মুরীদ) of Khan Jahan Ali was buried outside the tomb. On the nignt of the full moon of the month of Chattra (চৈত্রমাসের পূর্ণিমার রাত্রে) a big fair is held beside the Mazar. Many people attend the fair. There is a big tank in front of the Mazar. The local people call it the Dighi of Khan Jahan Alt. There are some crocodiles in this big tank. They come near when the Fakirs call them and give them something to eat. I saw the Dighi with my own eyes and derived much pleasure (অনেক আনন্দ পেলাম). I also visited the Satgambuj Mosque. It is a big and beautiful building. The mosque is beautifully decorated. It is said that it was used as a mosque by Pir Khan Jahan. The mosque has great attraction for the tourists and visitors. There is a big dighi near the Satgambuj Mosque. This dighi is called the Ghora Dighi. It is said that a horse was made to run before digging the Dighi. The horse ran straight and stood covering a certain distance. That distance was accepted as the length of the Dighi. That is why the Dighi is called Ghora Dighi. I visited this Dight and came to know many things about the social work of Khan Jahan All. Bagerhat is really a place of historical interest. I spent eight hours there and saw many historical things and enjoyed myself. I left Bagerhat but the memory still haunts my mind.

LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE RICH AND THE POOR COUNTRIES

(a) Why are the people of the poor countries ignorant about their rights? (b) How do the people of the rich countries become aware of their rights? (c) What type of basic rights are the people of the poor countries devoid of? (d) What are the facilities do the people of developed countries enjoy? (e) How do the environment differ between the rich and the poor countries? (f) What differences are found regarding recreation between the rich and the poor countries.

Ans: There is a gulf of difference between the living conditions of the people of rich and poor countries. First of all most of the people of the poor countries are ignorant and they are devoid of (বর্জিত) their rights. Most of the people of rich countries are educated. So, they are aware of their rights. Secondly, majority of the people of poor countries can't enjoy basic necessities of life. They suffer from malnutrition (অপুষ্টিকর), hunger and diseases. On the otherhand, these are no problems for the people of rich countries. They have all sorts of modern amenities like pure drinking water, nutritious food and modern medical facilities. Thirdly, the scientific and technological development of the poor countries are very negligible. On the contrary (অন্যদিকে) tremendous development of science and technology have taken place in rich countries. Fourthly, different types of pollution like air pollution, sound pollution, water pollution have made the life of the people of the poor countries very miserable and risky. But pollution is far more less in rich countries. So, life there is less hazardous than life in poor countries. Fifthly, there is no sufficient recreational (আনন্দদায়ক) centres in poor countries. On the otherhand, the recreational centres in rich countries are for more modern and sophisticated.

GLOBALISATION

(a) What is 'Globalisation'? (b) What do you understand by a borderless global market'? (c) How have we conquered distance and time? (d) How is the world getting smaller day by day? (e) How can we make our world a better place? (f) Can you think of any adverse effects of globalisation?

Ans: 'Globalisation' has become a buzzword in the new era of international relations. Basically, it is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating a borderless market. But it has had a far reaching effect on many aspects of life. With the development of sophisticated communications media, rapid technological progress, and rapid transportation facilities, the world has come closer. We can now learn in an instant what is happening in the farthest corner of the world and travel to any country in the shortest possible time. Countries of the world are like families in a village. They can even share their joys and sorrows like next-door neighbours. If one country is in distress, others can immediately come to its assistance. If we can build up an atmosphere of mutual understanding and co-operation through this globalisation process, our world could certainly be a better place to live in. But globalisation has its demerits too. The gap between wealth and poverty is ever widening. Globalisation has put the people of the world on the same vessel but in different cabins. Only a trifling minority are travelling in luxurious cabins furnished with all modern amenities. They have access to nutritious food, pure drinking water, sophisticated medicare and a life of luxury. But the overwhelming majority are travelling in the third class decks and are suffering from hunger and disease. Globalisation can bring happiness to everyone only when all passengers of the ship can travel in the same class of cabins in conditions of solidarity equity and justice.

GROWING POPULATION IN BANGLADESH

What is the number one problem of Bangladesh? What is the growth rate of population every year? What will be the consequence if the population increases at d the present rate? What steps should be taken to stop excessive population growth? What role can mass media play in this regard?

Ans: Growing population in Bangladesh is the burning question of the day. It is number one problem of our country. Every year more than two million people add to our population. The problem is now out of control. It has now come to the position of explosion. If the present alarming rate of population growth goes on, the population of the country will be double within fifteen years. We should, therefore, learn well all about this great problem. We should realise the serious consequences of rapid growth of population. There are various ways that should be followed to stop the high birth rate. Each and every family should live in a planned way. Early marriage should be banned. No family should be allowed to have more than two chidren. Our womenfolk should be educated so that they can know how to lead a happy, healthy peaceful life. There should be wide publicity about the serious consequence of high birth rate through radio, TV and other mass media.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

(a) When does gender discrimination begin? (b) Who are the worst sufferers? (c) What are

the reasons of degrading their position? (d) How is the birth of a female child welcomed and why

? (e) How can this problem be solved?

Ans: Gender discrimination in Bangladesh begins at birth. In our country women are the worst suffers. Social prejudices and customs tend to degrade their position. When a female child is born, it is not regarded as a happy event. She is not welcomed with the deep warmth of heart. In stead of being delighted the male members think that she has come to add to their misery. Even the mother of the female child is not welcomed cordially for giving birth a female child. Rather she is held in great contempt. Obviously there are many reasons behind this social superstition. First of all she is regarded as a liability to be got rid of as soon as possible. Her marriage drives her parents mad for our evil dowry system. Her parents try to find a husband for her even before she attains physical and mental maturity. Her marriage may cost her parents a heavy amount of money. Religious misinterpretation and social structures discourage often prevent girls from going to co-education schools. This problem can not be solved over night. To solve this problem our outlook towards the girls should be changed. We should realize that women are equal partners to men. They should be made self sufficient by giving them proper education and employment. They should be provided the same type of food as are given to male children. Early marriage should be stopped.

ROLE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN CHANGING PEOPLE'S TRADITIONAL ATTITUDE IN REDUCING

GENDER DISPARITY

(a) How are the women in our country tortured? (b) Who, among the women, are the worst sufferer? (c) How can the young people raise consciousness among the girls? (d) How can the women be made self sufficient?

Ans: The contribution (অবদান) of women to the society is in no way less than that of men. But women in our society have become victims of gender disparity (লিঙ্গ বৈষম্যের শিকার). They are being tortured in different ways. Thousands of girls fall victim to dowry system (যৌতুক প্রথা). The worst sufferers are the working class of women. Women, generally work longer hours than men, but they are paid less than men. It is high time we recognized (চিহ্নিত করা) women as equal partners of men. Everybody especially, the young people should come forward to remove this disparity. The first thing what young people can do is that they should have a clear idea about the gender disparity. They should raise such consciousness (সচেতনতা) among the girls that they can participate in the socio-economic development of the country. They should be made self sufficient by giving them proper education and employment. They would also make the people realize that the role of woman does not come to an end as a mother and a wife. A number of avenues are open before them. In this way, the young people can change the traditional attitude of people regarding women.

POPULATION EXPLOSION

(1) What is population explosion? (ii) Why is the whole world so concerned about the

problem? (tit) What is magnitude of the problem regarding Bangladesh? (iv) What is the density of population in Bangladesh? (v) What are the consequences of the problems? (vi) What should we do regarding the problem?

Ans: When population becomes very big in relation to the ability of food production is called population explosion. Now the world has a population of about five hundred crores. The population of the world especially in the third world countries is increasing very rapidly. If population increases this way, the whole world will face a serious consequence. So, the whole world is very concerned about population problem. Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. It is a small country of 55598 square miles. But it has a population over 120 million. About 1500-1600 people live in one square mile. Every year more than two million people are being added to our population. The problem is now out of control. It has now come to the position of explosion. The area of Bangladesh is too small to support her vast population. As a result it creates food problem, communication problem, educational problem, unemployment problem, shelter problem, health problem. medical problem, environmental problem and poverty. We should, therefore, learn well all about this great problem. We should realise the serious consequences of rapid growth of population. There are various ways that should be followed to stop the high birth rate. Each and every family should live in a planned way. Early marriage should be banned. No family should be allowed to have more than two chidren. Our womenfolk should be educated so that they can know how to lead a happy, healthy and peaceful life. There should be wide publicity about the serious consequence of high birth rate through radio, TV and other mass media...

MY GRANDMOTHER

Who is your grandmother? What is her name? How old is she? How does she behave with you? What kind of woman is she?

My Grandmother's name is Mrs Nurjahan Begum. She comes of a respectable Muslim family. She can read and write. Now she is sixty. She can move easily. She is a gentle lady. She is also very kind to the poor. She takes great care of all the members of the family. She loves me very much. In my childhood she used to tell me fine stories and I would sleep beside her. She has brought me up. For this reason whenever I become sick, she becomes very anxious. But when I come round, her face beams with joy. She wants to see me happy. She takes care of my education. During my childhood my grandmother used to teach me the letters of Bangla, English and Arabic. Even today if my parents scold me for any fault of mine, they are taken to task seriously by my grandmother. My grandmother is really a nice woman.

MY PARENTS

(a) What are the names of your parents? (b) What are their educational qualifications? (c) What does your father do? (d) What does your mother do? (e) How are their activities? (f) How does your mother look after your family? (g) How do they take care of you? (h) Do you like them? Why?

The name of my father is Mr. Abdul Hakim and the name of my mother is Mrs. Shamima Aktar. My father is a doctor and my mother is an M.A. in English. My father works in a hospital and my mother is a professor in a college. Despite doing government service my father spends much time in social activities. Whenever he gets times, he goes to our village home and gives free treatment to the people. My mother is also involved in different social work especially in helping the distressed poor women. My mother looks after our family very sincerely. She does every household work. She takes great care of all of us. She loves us very dearly. She is ready to sacrifice her own happiness for our happiness. She hopes to see us happy even at the cost of her own life. She holds our good above everything in the world. Her anxiety knows no bounds if we fall ill. She does not enjoy a wink of sleep. But her face beams with joy when we come round. My mother possesses a good sense of sanitation. She keeps our house neat and clean. I like my parents very much. My father also takes much care of all of us. I hold my parents in profound respect. I am greatly indebted to my parents.

A RAINY DAY

What is a rainy day? How is a rainy day? How does the sky look? How do people feel on a rainy day? What happens to the poor? What do animals do on a rainy day? How do school going boys and girls feel on a rainy day?

On a rainy day it rains all day long. A rainy day is dull and gloomy. The sky is overcast with thick clouds. The sky is not seen. None can go out without an umbrella. Water stands on roads and roads become muddy and slippery. Those who have offices and other business go out with umbrellas over the head, shoes in hand and clothes folded upto knee. Passers-by also move in the same way. Sometimes people slip and fall on the muddy road. When it rains in torrents, people get drenched (পানিতে ভিজে) and stop midway. The poor suffer much on a rainy day. They can not go out in quest of work and can not earn their daily food. They pass the day through sufferings. Most of the students do not go to school. Only a few go to school but they get drenched on the way. So classes are not held and it is a day of great joy to them. Other people also stay at home and pass the day without doing anything. The cattle keep standing in their sheds and bellow (ডাকে) for fodder. A rainy day is not pleasant at all.

TRAFFIC JAM

What are the causes of traffic jam? What problems does traffic jam cause? How can traffic jam be controlled?

Traffic jam is a common affair in the big cities and towns. It is one of the major problems of modern time. The causes of traffic jam are many. In proportion to our population roads have not increased. The roads are all the same. There are many unlicenced vehicles which should be brought under control. The drivers are not willing to obey the traffic rules. They want to drive at their sweet will. Overtaking tendency also causes traffic jam. The number of traffic police is insufficient. At office time traffic jam is intolerable. Sometimes traffic jam is so heavy that it blocks half a kilometre. It kills our valuable time and our work is hampered. It causes great sufferings to the ambulance carrying dying patients and the fire brigade vehicles. However, this problem can be solved by adopting some measures. Well planned spacious roads should be constructed. One way movement of vehicles should be introduced. Traffic rules should be imposed strictly so that the drivers are bound to obey them. Sufficient traffic police should be posted on important points. Unlicenced vehicles should be removed. After doing all these things we can hope to have a good traffic system for our easy and comfortable movement.

MY NEIGHBOUR

(a) What do you mean by neighbours? (b) Why are neighbours essential? (c) How are your neighbours? (d) Who is your next door neighabour? (e) What is the main traits of him? (f) What type of life does he lead?

Neighbours are those persons who live adjacent to us. Man is a social being. He can not live alone in the society. So he has to live with other neighbours in a particular place. I live in a city. I have many neighbours. All of then are very co-operative and helpful. They are also well-behaved. My next door neighbour is Mr. Rahman. He leads a very simple life. He does not nourish high ambition because he knows that high ambition drives a man mad. He can not enjoy a moment's peace. He can not enjoy a sound sleep. He runs after earthly things which keep him always busy. So my neighbour has no high ambition. He is free from all cares and anxieties. He is content with what he has. He does not want more. He is not competitive at all. Therefore, he enjoys a peace and happiness in life.

BIRD FLUE

(a) What do you mean by bird flue? (b) What is the cause of bird flue? (c) What is the benefit of poultry farining? (d) What is the consequence of the breaking out of the bird flue in our country? (e) What initiative has the government taken to help the affected farm owners?

Bird flue is a serious illness that affects birds, especially chickens, that can be spread from birds to humans and that can cause death. Recently the breaking out of bird flue has taken us aback. We could never think of such kind of problem in our country. However thanks to the Almighty that it could not break out in an epidemic form because of the timely Intervention of the government and people's consciousness about the matter. The cause of bird flue in our country could not be detected. It was thought that it might have been carried and spread by the imported chickens from our neighbouring countries like Thailand and China-because the breaking out of bird flue in an epidemic form has been seen in China and Thailand. Poultry farming has had a positive effect on the socio-economic condition in our country. It helped many rural poor women to break the chain of poverty and see better days in their lives. But the recent breaking out of bird flue has shadowed their smiling faces Into gloomy ones and clouded their foreheads. It has emptied their fertile farms and turned the firms into barren lands. We have seen the heart-rending cries of the people both male and female. Their cries have pierced our hearts. However, it is heartening that our government has taken an all out efforts to give loans to the people engaged in poultry farming on easy terms to keep their income generating Industry on and to bring about better days and see the gloomy faces glowing with beatific smile and keep their heads above all consuming poverty.

CORRUPTION

(a) What do you mean by corruption? (b) Who are related with corruption? (c) What are the causes of corruption? (d) What are the effects of corruption? (e) How can corruption be checked?

Corruption means dishonest or illegal behaviour especially of people in authority present in our country. There is hardly anyone who is not well acquainted with the very word "corruption". Today each and every government sector of the country is rotten to the core because of the widespread practice of corruption by the people who are at the helm of power, by the officers, by the clerks and so on. The country has topped the list five times from the view point of corruption. There is none to dispute with the unbridled corruption practised by the corrupt people. There is none to raise voice against the galloping corruption. However there are many reasons behind this galloping corruption and the reasons are not far to seek. Thirst for power, pelf, wealth and money is the root cause of corruption. Greed, avarice and dishonesty, nepotism and favouritism also contribute to the cause of corruption. The consequence of corruption has a far reaching negative effect on socio-economic condition of our country. It has already sucked up the life blood of our economy. It has made the country a bottomless basket. It has corroded the economy. retarted the economic growth and baffled the various development, programmes. By practising corruption the corrupt are growing richer and richer and the poor are becoming poorer and poorer. The widespread practice of corruption should not be allowed to go uncontrolled. The corrupted people should be brought down with an iron rod. It should be checked, controlled and prevented at any cost so that the country get rid of this national malady and see the ray of hope of development and the people not involved in it can heave a sigh of relief and hope for the best and better days. They should be rewarded with due punishment. Even their wealth and money can be confiscated and they may be meted with life long rigorous imprisonment. The mass media, the papers, magazines, journals, articles and above all the consciousness of the enlightened people can play a vital role in curbing the gallopping corruption. Proverb goes that example is better than precedence. So they should be given exemplary punishment. Now is the proper time to raise voice, take necessary steps and punitive measures against the corrupted society. Last of all the will power of the corrupted people is enough to free the country from the grip of corruption. They should take such an unshaken determination that they would never take resort to corruption.

GOOD GOVERNANCE-

(a) What is good governance? (b) Why is good governance required? (c) On which factors does good governance depend? (d) How can good governance be ensured?

Good governance means good rule. It is a pre-requisite for all kinds of developments of our country. A country cannot reach its cherished goals, achieve its success and solve its multi-farious problems for want of good governance. It is a must for any nation-any country. It helps the full flourishment of a country. It helps a country to go forward with its development programmes. It contributes most to the all round development of a country. Good governance depends on some factors. The factors are enlightened people, practice of true ideal of democracy, transparency, accountability, a good electoral system, honesty etc. First of all the people who will be at the helm of power must be enlightened. They must be free from any kind of evil. They must be true democrats. They will cultivate the true ideal of democracy. They must keep in mind that they are working for the welfare of the country and the countrymen. The state administration system should be transparent so that even an ignorant rural man or woman can know the ins and outs of the administration. Good governance cannot be thought of without accountability. The enlightened people who will be entrusted with the onerous duty of running the administration of the country must be responsible to account to the people for their activities. In this way there are many factors which shape and design to form good governance for the welfare of a country and its countrymen.

PEOPLE'S ACTIVITIES ON FEBRUARY 21

(a)Why do people wake up in the morning? (b) How do people walk? (c) What do most of the people put on their breast and shoulder? (d) What song do they sing? (e) How do the people pay homage to the martyrs? (f) Why do people attend meetings and seminars?

On February 21 people get up early in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk barefooted to the Shahid Minar. Most of them put on black badges on their breast or shoulder. They go to the Shahid Minar singing the most cherished song "Amar bhaer rockte ragano...." They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. They offer flowers, prayer and suras to the martyrs' souls. They also gather in the mosque, temple and some other riligious institution and pray for salvation of the martyrs' departed soul. People also attend meetings and seminars to get inspiration to uphold their mother tongue.

MY HOME

(a) Is your home in a village or in a town?

(b) What materials have been used to make it?

(d) Who are they?

(e) Is the home comfortable?

(f) Do you have a separate reading room?

(g) Do you like it? Why or why not?

My home is in a village. It is a brick built house. My family consists of seven members. There are my parents, grandfather and grandmother. We are three brothers and sisters. I am the eldest of them. My grandfather is a retired government school teacher. At present he spends his time in social activities. My grandmother is a nice old lady. My father is doctor working in a government hospital. My mother is a professor of English is a college. My younger brother and sister read in class viii. They are sharp. It looks very beautiful. It faces the south. So the sunshine and fresh air can easily enter the house. It has three bed rooms, a study for me and a small veranda. The kitchen stands on the north and for this smoke can not enter into the house. There is a flower garden in front of my study. It stands on a high road. The river Chitra enhances the beauty of my house as it flows with its murmuring sound just beside the house. So, I am happy to live in such a fine house which is far away from the din and bustle of city life.

A JOURNEY BY PLANE I HAVE MADE

(a) What was your destination? (b) Which airport did you go? (c) By which plane did you fly? (d) When did the plane take off? (e) How did you feel? (f) How much time did it take to reach Dhaka?

I went to Jessore from Dhaka by Bangladesh Biman. I bought a ticket from Bangladesh Biman office. I arrived at the airport about two hours before the flight and got checked and walted in the lounge. I was given a boarding card on which the number of my seat was written. After sometime the departure of the flight was announced and we were asked to board the plane. I got on board and found my seat. The plane took off at 10 am. When the plane took off, I fastened my seat belt. I was given light refreshment and newspapers. I looked through the windows. I saw clouds floating in the sky. Houses and trees below looked like tiny toys. Within a very short time we reached Jessore Airport, Though the Journey took 30 minutes, it gave me much pleasure. Even today I bear the flight in my memory.

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